M1 Nuclear Engineering

none

Students in mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, energetics. Good basis in thermodynamics is required, basic knowledge in chemistry is preferable.

Introduction to renewable energies - Cleantech - Legal aspects 
Solar energy 
Wind energy 
Energy storage 
Energy efficiency 
CO2 capture sequestration and valorisation 
CO2 capture technologies 
Oil and Gas 
Combustion for energy production

The objectives of the course are to: 

have acquired a global knowledge of the current and future situation of power generation, essentially focused on fossil and renewable sources;possess an overview on current global market of oil and gas and its prospects for the future in the medium and long term;have acquired good technological and economical notions on wind and solar farms for renewable energy production;have acquired an advanced knowledge on the current and future generations of bio fuels, and the formation of atmospheric pollutants during their combustion;be able to understand the challenges of energy efficiency in buildings and industry;have acquired a knowledge of the main technologies of energy storage;possess an insight into the future of low carbon power generation via the development of CO2 capture, sequestration and valorisation (CCS/V) technologies

none

This course is an introduction to project management. It will provide the students with the essential milestones of project management.

(1) Identification of needs and drafting of specifications 

(2) Organization and management of the project team

(3) Identification and analysis of risks 

(4) Construction and monitoring of the schedule 

(5) Quality management (customer satisfaction and management of difficulties encountered) 

(6) Cost analysis and budget implementation 

(7) Choice of development model 

(8) Resistance management 

(8) Project monitoring and dashboard creation

Managing a project: meeting customer expectations while staying within the allocated budget and schedule.

Students form groups of 3-4 people. They choose a project they want to implement and work on: the skills required, the management approach they plan to use, the development model they want to follow, the potential risks, the schedule, how to ensure customer satisfaction, cost analysis, managing potential resistance, and the monitoring dashboard. The objective is to put into practice the project management approaches studied during the 12 hours of lectures. 18 hours of support are used to answer their questions and help them formalize their project. Assessment is based on the written report (40% of the grade = group grade), the oral presentation (40% of the grade = group grade), and the answers to questions asked at the end of the presentation of the report (20% of the grade = individual grade).

(A) General works: (1) J. Barrand, The Agile Manager. Agir autrement pour la survie des entreprises (The Agile Manager: Acting Differently for Business Survival), Dunod, 2017 (2) L. Letellier, Gestion de projet en schémas (Project Management in Diagrams), Ellipses, 2025 (3) Maes J. and Debois F. La boite à outils du chef de projet (The Project Manager's Toolbox), Dunod (B) Bibliography/topics given in class.

none

The course is organized around 11 topics and chapters as follow: 
1               Introduction and Background: Review of the Basics of Supply, Demand and Price Formation in Competitive Markets 
2               Energy Demand: Short Run and Long Run Price and Income Elasticity’s 
3               Energy Supply and the Economics of Depletable Resources 
4               World Oil Markets and Energy Security 
5               Natural Gas Price Regulation, Deregulation and Markets 
6               Electricity 
7               Energy and Climate Change 
8               Internalizing Environmental Externalities with a Focus on CO2 Emissions Cap and Trade Mechanisms 
9               Coal 
10            Nuclear Power 
11            Renewable Energy Policies analysis

This course explores the theoretical and empirical perspectives on individual and industrial demand for energy, energy supply, energy markets, and public policies affecting energy markets. It discusses aspects of the oil, natural gas, electricity, and nuclear power sectors and examines energy tax, price regulation, deregulation and policies for controlling emission.

Jean-Pierre Hansen, Jacques Percebois, Énergie, Économie et politiques de Boeck. 
MIT « The Future of the Electric Grid » An Interdisciplinary MIT study : http://mitei.mit.edu/publications/reports-studies/future-electric-gridhttp://mitei.mit.edu/publications/reports-studies/future-electric-grid 
MIT. "The Future of Coal: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study." http://web.mit.edu/coal/ http://web.mit.edu/coal/ 
MIT. "The Future of Nuclear Power: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study.". http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/ http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/ 
MIT. "The Future of Natural gas: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study." http://web.mit.edu/ceepr/www/publications/Natural_Gas_Study.pdfhttp://web.mit.edu/ceepr/www/publications/Natural_Gas_Study.pdf

Mathematics : resolution of first order differential equations

The following elements will be seen:
•    Brief review of nuclear physics for reactor physics: mass defect, binding energy, fission (spontaneous/induced), neutron/matter interactions, definition of cross-sections, radioactivity (natural/artificial).
•    Neutron induced fission and self-sustaining chain reaction: introduction of the concept of criticality, definition of the multiplication factor. Focus on thermal neutron reactors with the four factor formula. 
•    Neutron energy spectrum in reactors: comparison of fast and thermal neutron reactors.
•    Introduction of the different reactor types: different possible combinations of coolant, moderator, fuel and neutron spectra. 
•    Definition and impacts of the feedback: temperature effects (Doppler and moderator), expansion effects. Explaining their importance for the reactor stability. 
•    Fuel depletion: fission product poisoning (Xenon and Samarium effects), isotopic depletion, Bateman equations, definition of the burn-up to charaterize the fuel depletion. 
•    Fuel management: brief review of the different strategies (fuel reprocessing vs. storage).

The objective of the course is to provide a basic overview of reactor physics and the phenomena at work in the core of a reactor.

All lectures are given by UE coordinator. Exercises are included in the lectures to help students assimilate the concepts covered in a more direct and concrete way.

Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics, Les Ulis, INSTN/EDPSciences, 2008.
Neutronics, A Nuclear Energy Division Monograph, ouvrage collectif, Paris, Saclay, Les Éditions du Moniteur/CEA, 2015.

Dans cette UE libre, les étudiants auront la possibilité de choisir de suivre un des SPOC proposés par l'université des UE, des UE de compétences numériques avancées, une UE de reconnaissance de l'engagement étudiant ou n'importe quelle UE de l'université compatible avec leur emploi du temps.

Good knowledge of mathematics, derivatives, linear algebra and calculus. Basic knowledge of classical thermodynamics would be helpful.

The course content is divided into 4 main chapters:
1. 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics
System and process (reminder of terminology and definitions), state functions properties, basic notions of temperature, pressure, heat and work, 1st law and energy conservation, concept of irreversibility, 2nd law and entropy creation.
2. Differential formulation, calorimetric and thermo-elastic coefficients 
How to use these to solve a problem of thermodynamics, ideal gas model and real gases, Joule expansions.
3. Phase changes and phase diagrams of pure substances
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, reading and handling different diagrams [(P,T), (P,V), (T,S), and Mollier diagrams].
4. Heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps
Operating principle, Raveau diagram, Carnot cycle, efficiency calculations, studying thermal cycles with chap. 3 diagrams, operating cycles (Otto, Diesel, Brayton, Rankine, Stirling).

The objective of this course is to provide a clear view of the principles of Thermodynamics and its applications relevant to physics and engineering. The aim for the students is to acquire a valuable understanding of the fundamental concepts of Thermodynamics (such as energy exchange, reversible and irreversible processes, entropy creation etc.) and a good knowledge of the calculation method associated.

Lectures will be followed by working sessions (tutorials (TD)) where students apply the concepts and computational technics introduced in the lectures to solve simple and more advanced problems.

- “Thermodynamics (Part II of « Chemical process principles »)”, O.A. Hougen, K.M. Watson, R. A. Ragatz, 2nd edition, Wiley and Sons Inc.
- “Thermodynamics: an advanced course with problems and solutions”, R. Kubo, Wiley and Sons Inc.
- “Résoudre un problème de Thermodynamique”, J. Bergua, P. Goulley, Bréal.

Bachelor level in Mathematics

Notions of algorithmics

Notion of Python

Notions in Linux

Introduction to Python

The language and existing numerical libraries.

Part 1 : Simple functions

Elements of floating point numbers : IEEE 754 format, relative uncertainty, single / double precision. Catastrophic cancelation, examples with solving the quadratic equation and computing geometric quantities

Evaluating elementary and special functions : interval reduction, Taylor’s expansion

Estimating statistical quantities : variance in particular, critical to uncertainties estimations

Part 2 : Linear algebra

Linear systems, Cramer's rule and why one should avoid it,

Gaussian elimination (simple and full pivot), LU factorization, elements of error propagation ; why one should rely on factorization to evaluate determinants and geometric quantities

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Part 3 : Numerical calculus

1D integration a.k.a. quadrature : rectangle rule, trapezoidal rule, Simpson rule

Multidimensional integration : the simple MonteCarlo algorithm

Ordinary Differential Equations solving : Euler method, Runge-Kutta method

Mathematical method used to rely on tedious hand computation for centuries. The commoditization of computers, of high-level programming languages, of numerical libraries helps greatly in executing these computations fundamental to science and engineering work, but shift the burden to understanding rather than number crunching: after the phenomenon has been translated to equations, how to solve these with a computing system and track the uncertainties that are as present as in experimental work.

We will describe families of such algorithms, the numerical issues they poses, how the corresponding libraries tackle with these. We will be using Python for this.

Lectures will be held at IJCLab

• Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences Mary L. Boas
• The Python Tutorial (https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html)
• Numpy (https://numpy.org)
• Simplified Numerical Analysis (Fourth Edition) by Dr. Amjad Ali.
• Numerical Recipes in Python (https://zenodo.org/records/8371794)

The prerequisites for this module are:
— converting electromagnetic energies into wavelengths, speeds, and frequencies
— explaining atomic structure and its reactions when energy below the ionization threshold is transferred to it
— explaining the organization of atoms into molecules and crystals and citing the binding energies involved
— explaining all the origins of ionizing radiation emitted at the end of a nuclear reaction (spontaneous or induced by a particle or radiation)
— list the energy ranges conveyed by ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
— calculate the energy balance of a nuclear reaction and the kinetic energy of the products of this reaction
— explain the different modes of spontaneous nuclear transitions: radioactivity

— Sources of ionizing radiation: kinetic energy spectra according to the origin of the radiation
— Energy losses of ionizing radiation in matter:
   — Directly ionizing radiation: charged particles: linear energy transfer, range, penetration, energy losses through ionization, excitation, heat transfer, and bremsstrahlung
    — Indirectly ionizing radiation: electromagnetic radiation:
        scattering, absorption, cross section, mean free path, attenuation laws
    — Indirectly ionizing radiation: neutrons: 
         scattering and slowing down, captures and induced nuclear reactions
         (radiative capture, activation, fission, (n,alpha) reactions, etc.),
         cross sections, mean free path, attenuation laws
— Measurement uncertainties: estimation and propagation. Special case of uncertainties associated with nuclear event counting.
— Radiation detection processes 
— Radiological context of measurements
— Different types of radiation detectors: gas, semiconductor, scintillator (organic and inorganic), others
— Electronic radiation detection chain
— General characteristics of detectors and associated electronic chains: efficiency, energy resolution, sensitivity to external parameters, dead time
— Application of detectors in different fields: radioactivity measurements, radiation protection, nuclear imaging

The main objective of this teaching unit is to provide students with a solid and sufficient knowledge of the interaction and detection of ionizing radiation.
Particular attention is paid to the main physical quantities used in this particular field of physics and to the orders of magnitude to be mastered in the most common situations.
To achieve this general and specific objective, students are given numerous practical assignments. These practical assignments account for more than half of the teaching time (21 hours out of 33 hours).
At the end of this teaching unit, students should have acquired the following skills:
— Explain how different types of ionizing radiation transfer their energy to matter, ultimately heating it up
— Describe the different effects of ionizing radiation on matter, on a microscopic and macroscopic scale
Give the orders of magnitude of the typical paths of charged particles in air and solid media
— Give the orders of magnitude of typical attenuation thicknesses for X-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons
— Explain the different ways of detecting ionizing radiation and measuring its energy
— Propose a detector suitable for measuring a given type of ionizing radiation
— Identify a type of radiation, evaluate its energy, and propose a possible source of that radiation

— Estimate the activity of an identified radionuclide based on the results of one or more measurements.

The Teaching Unit is organized into lectures, tutorials, and practical work.
Lectures and tutorials comprise 12 hours, divided as follows:
    — 6 hours on the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter
    — 6 hours on the detection of ionizing radiation
    Tutorials are conducted during the lectures to illustrate the concepts
    presented.
Practical work comprises 21 hours. It consists of seven 3-hour sessions:
    — Fundamentals of the interaction and detection of ionizing radiation
    — Estimation and calculation of measurement uncertainties
    — Interaction and spectrometry of alpha particles
    — Interaction and spectrometry of beta particles and electrons
    — Interaction and spectrometry of X-rays and gamma rays
    — High-energy resolution gamma ray spectrometry:
        application to the analysis of neutron activation products
    — Interaction of neutrons with matter. Neutron detection.

Practical work sessions take place in the INSTN Saclay Practical Teaching Laboratories.
When, for material or organizational reasons, practical work is not feasible, it is converted in whole or in part into supervised work, or students use the results of a previous experiment.
Students are divided into groups of two or three, depending on the size of the class.
Practical work sessions must be prepared at home by each student based on the material provided in class, supervised exercises, or specific preparatory documents; a written test of this individual preparation is conducted at the beginning of each session. This test contributes to the continuous assessment grade.
At the end of each practical work session, each student must provide a report in the form of a document to be completed during the session.  This individual end-of-session report may be replaced by a group report completed at home.
The reports, like their preparation, contribute to the continuous assessment grade.
Continuous assessment accounts for 20% of the final grade obtained at the end of the first exam session. This first session mainly takes the form of a written exam, which accounts for 80% of the first exam session grade.
In the event of a second exam session, an oral exam is organized; it accounts for 100% of the second exam session grade.

— Interaction of Radiation with Matter – H. Nikjoo et al.
CRC Press; 1st Ed. (2012) – ISBN:‎ 978-1439853573
— Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection
Pier-giorgio Rancoita & Claude Leroy 
World Scientific Publishing; 4th Ed. (2016) – ISBN: 978-9814603188
— Physics of Nuclear Radiations: Concepts, Techniques and Applications
Chary Rangacharyulu – CRC Press (2013) – ISBN: 978-1439857779
— Radiation Detection and Measurement – Glenn F. Knoll 
John Wiley & Sons; 4th Edition (2010) - ISBN‏ : ‎ 978-0470131480
— Measurement and Detection of Radiation – Nicholas Tsoulfanidis
Taylor & Francis (1983) – ISBN: 978-0891165231
— Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection – Syed Naeem Ahmed
Elsevier; 2nd edition (2014) – ISBN: 978-0128013632
— Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis: Radiation Physics and Detectors 
M. F. L'Annunziata – Academic Press; 4th Ed. (2020) – ISBN:‎ 978-0128143971

None

1. Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus

• From early atomic models to Rutherford’s experiment and the discovery of subatomic particles.
• Identification of protons, neutrons, and isotopes; scale of atomic and nuclear dimensions.
• Introduction to natural nuclear units (energy, mass, charge).

2. Nuclear Masses and Binding Energy

• Mass defect, binding energy, and nuclear cohesion.
• Liquid-drop model and Bethe–Weizsäcker formula.
• Nuclear stability, mass parabolas, and reaction energetics (Q-value calculations).

3. Nuclear Structure and Models

• Mean-field potential and shell model concepts.
• Quantum numbers, spin, parity, and magic numbers.
• Collective vs single-particle models of nuclear behavior.

4. Nuclear Reactions and Cross-Sections

• Classification and notation of nuclear reactions.
• Definition of cross-sections, reaction rates, and mean free path.
• Compound nucleus formation and reaction mechanisms.

5. Nuclear Kinematics

• Kinematics of two-body reactions in laboratory and center-of-mass systems.
• Reaction Q-value and threshold conditions.

6. Radioactivity and Neutron Physics

• Mechanisms of alpha, beta, and gamma decays; decay laws and activities.
• Introduction to neutron interactions, capture, and fission phenomena.

This course is an introduction to nuclear physics. The aim is to provide a general and common scientific background for any M1 student intending to pursue its study towards any option offered for the second year of the master.

This course offers a comprehensive introduction to the principles of nuclear physics.

It provides the scientific foundations and computational tools required to describe nuclear structure, stability, and reactions.

By the end of the course, students will be able to:

• Explain the historical discovery and structure of the atomic nucleus.
• Describe the nuclear forces and models that govern binding and stability.
• Compute nuclear binding energies, Q-values, and cross-sections.
• Understand alpha, beta± and gamma decays and neutron-induced nuclear reactions.
• Apply conservation laws to two-body nuclear reactions (LAB and CM frames).
• Interpret nuclear systematics and the chart of nuclides.

Lectures are given by session of 1.5 hours and are completed with tutorial sessions in which students will exercises themselves to useful calculation in nuclear physics

• K.S. Krane – Introductory Nuclear Physics
• A. Das & T. Ferbel – Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics
• K. Heyde – Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics
• R. Casten – Nuclear Structure from a Simple Perspective

None

1. Fundamentals of chemical engineering (i) Mass and energy balances (ii) Ideal reactors (CSTR, BSTR, PFR) Reactor analysis and design (iii) Purification unit operations: example of solvent extraction in the spent fuel treatment process
2. Thermodynamics: i) Calculation of chemical equilibrium and phase equilibrium: models based on excess free enthalpies or equations of state ii) Thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions
3.Thermodynamics: i) Diagram and phase equilibrium of pure substances: chemical potential ii) thermodynamic models and equations of state, iii) energy and entropy balances with application to thermodynamic cycles (Rankine) and energy storage

At the end of this course, students will be able to:
1. List the modes of mass transfer.
2. Identify the different modes of mass transfer (diffusion/convection) at work in a given configuration.
3. Write mass balances, taking into account chemical reaction kinetics if necessary.
4. Translate phenomena into equations using fundamental balances.
4. Translate phenomena into equations using fundamental balances,
5. Calculate chemical equilibrium and phase equilibrium
6. Apply thermodynamic fundamentals to electrolyte solutions
7. Understand a phase equilibrium diagram for pure substances
8. Perform energy and entropy balances with application to thermodynamic cycles and energy storage

15 hours of lectures, 15 hours of tutorials, and 6 hours of practical work, totaling 36 hours of classroom time, organized as follows:
• 10 three-hour sessions, each comprising a lecture and a case study (50/50 lectures/tutorials). A total of 30 hours of lectures/tutorials (50/50)
• Two three-hour sessions of digital practical work

1.Chemical Reaction Engineering, O.Levenspiel, 1999 (3rd  Ed.)
2.Génie de la Réaction Chimique; J. Villermaux, 1993 (2nd Ed.)
3.Chemical, Biochemical, and Engineering Thermodynamics, S. I. Sandler, 2016 (5th edition)

Mathematics : resolution of first order differential equations
Follow the course "Basic Reactor Operation"

The following elements will be seen:
•    Notion of neutron density, neutron flux, neutron current. Derivation of the full neutron balance equation (Boltzmann equation).
•    Focus on spatial effects: monokinetics diffusion equation, external and internal boundary conditions, effect of a reflector, critical condition (critical size and critical mass).
•    Time evolution of the neutron population: point-kinetics approximation, definition and importance of delayed neutrons, inhour equation.
•    Understanding of neutron spectrum: neutron slowing down by elastic and isotropic scattering, lethargy variable, slowing down power of moderator materials, slowing down equation, notion of resonant absorption, thermalization.

The objective is to deepen the knowledge covered in Basic Reactor Operation course. We will seek to gain a more precise understanding of neutronics in nuclear reactor cores. We will focus in particular on the energy, spatial, and temporal behavior of the neutron population.

All lectures are given by UE coordinator. Exercises are included in the lectures to help students assimilate the concepts covered in a more direct and concrete way.

Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics, Les Ulis, INSTN/EDPSciences, 2008.
Neutronics, A Nuclear Energy Division Monograph, ouvrage collectif, Paris, Saclay, Les Éditions du Moniteur/CEA, 2015.

Bases of Solid mechanic
Notions of Chemistry

At the end, student must be able to determine the mechanical properties of the materials, to describe and understand the physical phenomena leading to its failure, have a first approach to structural design.

Materials play a major role in reliability and sustainability of nuclear power plant. The aim of this course is to provide a knowledge base for students to understand how material is generated and what is the impact on its mechanical behavior. Relationships between microstructure, deformation mechanisms or failure and mechanical properties and behavior are highlighted here. The problem of structure dimensioning is also discussed. The aspects studied here are crystallography, phase diagrams, mechanical behavior (tension, creep, relaxation, Low cycle fatigue, High cycle fatigue, fatigue cracks growth rate) the origin of the damage (plasticity, initiation and crack propagation). The various points are processed separately in form of lectures and tutorials classes. The link between the different courses is highlighted at each end of the lesson.

Ashby and Jones: Engineering Materials 

Baralis & Maeder: Precis de métallurgie

Cornet & Hlawka : Propriétés et comportement des matériaux

Dowling:   Mechanical Behaviour of Materials.

Lemaitre & Chaboche: Mécanique des Matériaux solides

Hertzberg: Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials

Henaff & Morel: Fatigue des structures

Basics in magnetism and electricity ; principles of automatic control

Fundamentals in electrical power systems

Basic element models. Formal calculation for sinusoidal steady state at fixed frequency. Boucherot theorem.

Three phase systems.

Transformers

Principle, magnetic coupling, modelling.

Application to single phase and three phase systems

Principles of AC Machines

Description and utilization of alternating current machines based on rotating magnetic fields.

Induction machines

Constitution, principles. Steady state model. Torque characteristics. Starting issues. Asynchronous machines utilization.

Synchronous machines

Alternator structure. Simplified model. Performances of the coupling to an infinite power transmission network. Reactive power production capacity.

Electrical energy transmission grid

Line characteristics. Modelling. Power flow on the line. Reactive power role. Maximum transmission capacity. Elements about the voltage plan collapse.

Power transmission network

Meshed network. Power flow calculation issues. Dedicated software.

Voltage control

Reactive power key role. Local aspect of the voltage control. Reactive power production methods. Plant constraints and reactive power production.

Frequency control

Local aspects of the control. Distributed regulating devices. Control structure, primary control. Production of active power. Frequency control constraints. Secondary control. Main failures.

Knowledge on the behaviour of electrical motors used in a nuclear plant (with emphasis on the primary pumps motors) and on the coupling between the plant and the network used for the energy transmission between the production and the loads.

Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems

Theodore Wildi

Prentice-Hall Intl

Good knowledge of:
• Classical mechanics (forces, kinetic and potential energy, classical particle motion, rotations…)
• Oscillation and waves (harmonic oscillator wave propagation, interference, diffraction…)
• Linear algebra and calculus
• Basic knowledge of electromagnetism: electric and magnetic fields

Programme détaillé / Course program

1. Classical physics shortcomings and the birth of quantum mechanics

2. Foundation of quantum mechanics

a. Linear algebra and operators

b. Shrödinger equation

3. One dimensional piece-wise constant potentials

a. Square well potential and discrete energy spectrum

b. Potential step and potential barrier: the tunnel effect

4. Quantum Harmonic oscillator

5. Spin and the two level systems

6. Special relativity : a brief introduction

7. Quantum entanglement and quantum cryptography , an introduction

This is a medium level course covering non-relativistic quantum physics. The course starts by a brief review of classical physics and some of its shortcomings, which have led to the invention of quantum mechanics. The basics concepts of quantum mechanics and some of its computational methods, are then presented. Upon completion, the students should acquire understanding of the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics, such as the wave function, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, transition probabilities … They will also be able to solve the Shrödinger equation in simple cases and use it to predict system temporal evolution. The course covers the Dirac notation and the quantum mechanics formalism, involving operators and the Hilbert space of states. The Shrödinger equation for square wells, and potential steps is presented and solved, and helps illustrate quantum behaviour such as discrete energy spectrum and the tunnel effect. The Harmonic Oscillator (HO) potential is introduced and the corresponding Shrödinger equation is solved through the analytic method. The ladder operators are also introduced and used to solve the HO using operator algebra. The course includes also the presentation of the spin, which corresponds to an internal degree of freedom for particles such as electrons. The formalism with Pauli matrices and two dimensional spin Hilber space is introduced and the behaviour of spin ½ particles, such as electrons is discussed. The course includes a short introduction to special relativity. The final part of the course corresponds to an opening toward the more advanced topic of quantum computing. The quantum entanglement and its application to quantum cryptography is discussed in this final part.

10 lectures, 10 x 1h30 (total 15 hours) . 10 Tutorial sessions 10x 1h30

• Mécanique Quantique, Marchildon, DeBoeck Université

• Quantum Physics, Stephen Gasiorowicz, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd ed.

• Quantum Mechanics, an introduction, Walter Greiner, Springer (3rd ed.)

• Getting started in Quantum Optics, Ray Lapierre, Springer 2022

• Quantum computing for the quantum curious , Ciaran Hughes , Joshua Isaacson , Anastasia Perry , Ranbel F. Sun , Jessica Turner, Springer 2021

Math and calculus (derivatives, integrals, solution to equations, some ordinary differential equations)
Mechanics of particles: the original theory of motion (kinematics) and forces (dynamics)
Basic thermodynamics: First and second principles

The course includes detailed presentations of essential aspects in combination with
simple experiments, computer demonstrations, and fluid mechanics film projections.
Problem solving sessions are organized after each lecture to train students in tackling
real life engineering problems. The midterm and final exams consist in solving prac-
tical fluid mechanics problems.
On completion of the course, students should be able to:
• understand the physics of fluid flows
• manipulate the balance equations of fluid dynamics
• estimate the forces and moments induced by fluid motion
• evaluate head losses and analyze fluid flows in channels and ducts
• use dimensional analysis to estimate orders of magnitude of different flow pro-
cesses
• understand the fundamentals of boundary layer theory
• determine the characteristic scales of turbulent flows
• use the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations to study turbulent flow problems

Course Contents
1. Introduction.
The role of fluid mechanics in current technologies. Program, objectives, orga-
nization, staff and teaching methods. Introduction to the study of fluid flow.
The continuum hypothesis. Flow regimes. General solution methods of fluid
mechanics problems. Description of motion, material derivative, acceleration.
Trajectories, streamlines and streaklines. Control volumes and transport theo-
rems. Mass balance.
2. Description of multi-species mixtures.
Species and momentum balance. Diffusion velocity and species balance. General
motion of a fluid particle. Rate of rotation, vorticity, rate of strain. Stresses
in fluids. Relation between stress and strain rate tensors. Momentum balance
equation. Euler and Navier-Stokes equations.
3. Energy balance.
Kinetic energy balance. Energy balance. Bernoulli’s theorem and its appli-
cations. Mechanical energy balance. Incompressible flows in ducts, hydraulic
machines. Practical methods for head loss estimation. Moody’s diagram. Losses
at singularities. General mechanical energy balance. Efficiency.
4. Macroscopic balance equations.
The momentum and moment of momentum theorems. Application to the de-
termination of hydrodynamic forces and moments. Propulsion applications (jet
engines an rockets).
5. Dimensional analysis.
A priori estimates, fundamental dimensionless groups. The Pi-theorem and its
application to the analysis of drag. Model scale testing, similarity conditions.
Application of similarity concepts.
6. Physics of boundary layers.
Various types of shear flows. Boundary layers. A priori estimates of the laminar
boundary layer thickness. Approximations and boundary layer modeling. The
Blasius equation.
7. The physics of turbulence.
Importance of turbulence in practical applications. The nature of turbulence.
Estimation of characteristic time and length scales. The Kolmogorov cascade.
Statistical analysis of turbulent flows. Reynolds decomposition and Reynolds
average balance equations. Introduction to the closure problem and to turbu-
lence modeling.

Fluid mechanics is a central subject in many technological applications. It intervenes
in many applications: energy conversion, oil exploration, ocean engineering, mate-
rials processing, propulsion, aeronautics and space engineering, process engineering,
biomechanics and biotechnologies, environmental engineering, meteorology, climate
change, microfluidics. . . Its recent developments have been substantial. A number
of theoretical problems have been resolved, new experimental methods have provided
unique data on many flow processes, and novel simulation tools have allowed consid-
erable insights in fundamental and more applied scientific or engineering problems.
In this context, a basic understanding of fluid mechanics is essential to engineers and
scientists. This course provides the fundamental elements allowing an operational
understanding of central issues in this field.
The focus is on physical understanding, training in problem solving and shar-
ing our knowledge and passion for fluid mechanics and its applications.

The fluid mechanics course is divided into 7 sessions of 3h each. These sessions are
split into two parts: 1-2 hours of lecture, followed by a problem solving session.

Basic Nuclear Physics knowledge (provided in the first semester)
Interaction of particle in matter (provided in the first semester)
Statistical analysis (provided in the first semester)

1. Introduction à la radioactivité
   • Définitions et rappel des grandeurs nucléaires (A, Z, J, π).
   • Les processus α, β±, capture électronique, désexcitation γ, conversion interne.
2. Notions de détection
   • Détection γ : principe de la scintillation, structure du spectre, efficacité.
   • Détection de particules chargées : principe de la jonction P-N, précautions d’utilisation.
3. Modules électroniques
   • Preamplificateur, amplificateur, discriminateurs, unité de coïncidences, convertisseurs analogique-numérique.
   • Chaîne électronique complète pour mesures nucléaires.
4. Travaux pratiques
   • Expérience 1 : Spectrométrie γ
     • Étude de spectres γ avec détecteurs NaI.
     • Calibration en énergie, résolution, efficacité, étude de schémas de désintégration.
   • Expérience 2 : Conversion interne
     • Étude des électrons de conversion interne avec un détecteur silicium.
     • Détermination des coefficients de conversion partiels, multipolarité et parité des niveaux excités.
5. Annexe : Traitement des incertitudes
   • Erreurs statistiques et systématiques, propagation des incertitudes.

• Comprendre les principaux processus de radioactivité : émissions α, β±, capture électronique, désexcitation γ et conversion interne.
• Appréhender les notions fondamentales de détection des rayonnements : scintillation, détection de particules chargées, signaux analogiques et logiques.
• Savoir mettre en œuvre une chaîne électronique de détection complète (pré-amplificateur, amplificateur, discriminateur, unité de coïncidences, TAC, ADC).
• Réaliser, analyser et interpréter des spectres γ et électroniques à l’aide de détecteurs NaI et silicium.
• Effectuer le calcul et la propagation des incertitudes expérimentales.
• Développer l’autonomie expérimentale, la rigueur de manipulation et la réflexion critique sur les résultats obtenus.

• Volume horaire : environ 24 heures de travaux pratiques.
• Lieu : Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire Expérimentale, IJCLab.
• Évaluation :
  • Compte-rendu de TP (analyse des mesures, calculs, discussion physique).
  • Évaluation continue sur la participation, la préparation et le respect des consignes de sécurité.

Radiation Detection and Measurement, Glenn F. Knoll(J. Wiley & Sons)

Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, W. R. Leo (Springer-Verlag)

Background in mathematics (real analysis, algebra, Laplace transform).

Introduction – Generalities and basic concepts
Definitions – Fields of application – Historical data - Motivations - Classification: regulation and tracking - Structure of continuous and discrete time controlled systems – rejection and tracking dynamics – Block diagram of a feedback system.
Closed loop analysis
Notion and interest of feedback – Relations between open and closed loop – Closed loop stability: Nyquist criterion – Stability margins – Robustness and sensitivity functions – Relation between open loop frequency behavior and closed loop time domain behavior – Steady state error.
Regulation and P.I.D. controllers
Time domain features – Frequency domain features – Continuous time domain implementation: derivative action, anti wind-up mechanism...
Industrial regulation strategies
Cascaded control – Feed-forward actions – Control of delayed systems: Smith predictor – Conditioning of controllers
Numerical control
Sampler and zero-order hold devices – Continuous to discrete time transformations – Resulting algorithms and calculation time.

Most physical systems involve the fundamental concept of a feedback loop, which allows them to be controlled and to exhibit behavior that is as insensitive as possible to environmental disturbances. The overall objective of this course is to provide students with the concepts and skills needed to understand the structure and interactions within existing or newly designed dynamic systems, to process information, to determine a control law that meets given specifications, and to analyze its performance and robustness. To achieve this, students must be able to define a model (or a set of models) in order to highlight the quantities that influence the system’s state (inputs), the measurements that provide access to this state, and the quantities subject to performance requirements (outputs), as well as the relationships linking these variables. Based on the analysis of controllable inputs (commands) and uncontrollable ones (disturbances), students will determine a control law to ensure the desired performance. The final part of the course will focus on analyzing the robustness of the determined control law.

The course consists of seven 3-hour lectures covering the theoretical foundations, along with two 3-hour tutorial sessions dedicated to applying these concepts to engineering problems. A final 3-hour laboratory session concludes the course, providing hands-on experience in implementing the learned control theory on a mechatronic system.

Gene F. Franklin; J. David Powell; Abbas Emami-Naeini. “Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems”, Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall. ISBN-10:0-13-601969-2.

Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, W. R. Leo (Springer-Verlag)

Mathematics (vector and tensor calculus, , differential equations integral theorem, linear algebra..)
Classical mechanics (newton’s law motion, static equilibrium, concepts of energy , work and Power..)
Physics (density, velocity field ….)
Elementary Thermodynamics

At the end of this module, students will be able to understand and formulate the continuum
hypothesis and its limits, model the mechanical behaviour of solid and fluid media, describe the
fundamental quantities (stress, strain, deformation, velocity, energy, understand the notion of
tensors (stress, strain, rotations, etc.), using conservation principles (mass, momentum, energy) and
use the fundamental equations of motion of continuous media.

The course of Continuous Media Mechanics aims to provide students with the theoretical and
methodological basis necessary to model, analyse and understand the mechanical behaviour of
materials considered as continuous media.

From September to January at INSTN
Course assessment will be made based on a final exam

Jean SALENCON, Mécanique des Milieux Continus, Edition de l’ecole Polytechnique
Philippe Germain, Jean-Louis Lemaître, Mécanique des milieux continus, Dunod
Jean Coirier et Carole Nadot-Martin, Mécanique des Milieux Contins, Dunod
Dominique Leguillon & Emile Sanchez-Palencia, Mécanique des milieux continus, Masson
Lawrence E. Malvern, Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium, Prentice Hall

Properties of chemicals: Elements, Oxidation state,  
Complexation of cations and ligands, 
Chemical reaction: stoichiometry, ICE chart 
Mass Action Law, Gibbs free Energy, Chemical activity,
Acido-basic reaction,
Dissolution-precipitation reaction, solubility,
Redox reaction, Nernst Law

The following sessions cover a wide range of the fuel cycle, including mining industry, cooling circuit of PWR, waste management, environmental speciation, f-elements. 
Session n°1: Chemical equilibria, Acid/base,      
n°2: Multiphasic Equilibria, High T/P,     
n°3: Equilibrium shifts and complexation,           
n°4: Activity coefficients, High salinities,              
n°5: Oxydoreduction & corrosion,          
n°6: Applications & scientific articles,    
n°7&8: Uranium chemistry,       
n°9&10: Chemistry of Actinides.

The objective is to describe the mechanisms driving speciation in solution chemistry and introduce to a numerical tool simulating chemical systems. Classical physico-chemical concepts are reviewed: thermodynamic equilibrium, reactivity, multi-phasic systems. Lectures go into more detail on these concepts and the underlying models & equations. Analytical reasoning allowing to put in an equation practical macroscopic variables which characterize an aqueous equilibrium are given. Training to new concepts & tools is based on exercises. The use of the scientific software PhreeqC, to calculate speciation, is also taught through tutorials. They illustrate the necessity of numerical tools to describe real systems, importance of thermodynamic databases, and limitations of calculations.

Four different teachers are giving the lectures. After session n°1 which includes introduction and prerequisite verification, the order might change depending speakers' timetables and availability.

Sessions are given in a computer room from INSTN (Saclay). They include a lecture dedicated to a specific topic. In addition, most of the session include the use of PhreeqC software, though practical & I.T. exercises. The aim is to apply concept learned during the lecture, illustrate the interest of the numerical tool and practice its operation.

Chimie Physique, Atkins, De Paula, Keepler, 5e éd., deBoeck (2021)
Radiochemistry & Nuclear Chemistry, G.R. Choppin, J. Rydberg, J.-O. Liljenzin, C. Ekberg, 4th ed., Academic Press (2013)
Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry, S. Cotton, Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley (2006)

Kersting et al., Nature 397, 56-59 (1999)
Jones et al., Applied Rad. & Isotopes, 57, 159-165 (2002)
Tasi et al., Applied Geochem., 98, 247-264 (2018)
Disdier et al., Chemosphere, 304, 135155 (2022)
Reiller, P. Chemosphere, 350, 141049 (2024)

Bachelor level in Chemistry or Chemical Physics

The program allows students to understand how water is broken down under ionizing radiation such as energetic photons and accelerated particles and which radicals are formed. The radiolytic yield of radicals as a function of time after energy deposition and as a function of the type of ionizing radiation are explained. In addition, the reactivity of some of these radicals as electron donors and acceptors is described. In practical work, the principles of chemical dosimetry are used to determine the dose in a 60Co source.

- Ionizing radiation matter interaction: photon and neutral and charged particles. Energy deposition, clusters, traces, TEL (5h) 
- Radiolysis of water, radical and molecular yields TEL effect (5h) 
- Radiolysis of aqueous solutions, influence of concentration, temperature , pressure, pH, chemical dosimetry TEL. In particular Fricke dosimeter and super- Fricke dosimeter and the Cerium (2h) 
- Practical course: dosimetry of gamma source (Fricke dosimeter) (5h) 
- Radiolysis other solvents (polar and nonpolar, ionic liquid, ...) (2h) 
- Radiolysis and processes of the nuclear industry: Purex process , radiolysis under the conditions of the reactors ( 2h ) 
- Gas Radiolysis (1h) 
- solid Radiolysis : induced disorder, curing, concrete

Lecture, practical work and tutorial will take place at INSTN.

Radiation chemistry : From basics to applications in material and life sciences 
Spotheim-Maurizot, M.; Douki, T.; Mostafavi, M.; Belloni, J.; 
pp. 300 pages, Spotheim-Maurizot, M.; Douki, T.; Mostafavi, M.; Belloni, J.; (Ed.), EDP Sciences (2008)

Bachelor level in solid state chemistry, fundamentals in physics: classical mechanics, electromagnetism.

The course of Chemistry of Materials addresses inorganic materials from a structure versus property treatment, with a peculiar emphasis put on relevant materials for nuclear applications both during and after in-reactor operations. Nuclear materials encompass virtually all classes of materials – metals, ceramics, glasses – that are used as structural materials, fuels, transmutation matrices, as well as immobilization matrices. Nuclear materials exhibit the fascinating feature of their radiation tolerance far from any thermodynamically stable condition. The topic is tacked from the Chemist’s viewpoint. Lectures are organised in four main chapters, which concentrate in structures and bonding in solids, on the interplay between crystal and electronic structure in determining their properties. Imperfection in solids plays a considerable role in nuclear materials. Finally, the exciting field of radiation-induced defects and processes by which solids tolerate a large amount of structural disorder whilst preserving their crystalline structure is discussed. This course also includes labworks at the MOSAIC accelerator facility at IJCLab, Orsay campus.

Content
1 – Solid state chemistry
Atomic bonding in solids: bands formed from overlapping of atomic orbitals; primary interatomic bonding; secondary atomic bonding; classification of solids (ionic, covalent, metallic, molecular): Arkel-Ketelaar triangle.
Structure of crystalline solids: fundamentals (crystalline and amorphous states); lattice, unit cell, basis, type of lattice, crystal systems, Bravais lattice, planes and directions; description of crystal structures (ccp, hcp, bcc): close packing of spheres, interstices in closed-packed and bcc structures.
Structure of metals and alloys: closed-packed and non-closed packed structures; polymorphism (examples, evolution versus T and p); alloys (substitution and interstitial solid solutions), classical examples (brass, bronze, steels); substitution and interstitial solid solutions of non-metals; intermetallic compounds; phase diagrams of binary systems: the iron-carbon system.

Structure of ionic, iono-covalent and covalent ceramics: formation principles (close packing of anions, cations occupy interstices); compounds based on ccp and hcp lattice networks. Other important structures; rationalization of structures. Energetics.
The amorphous state: glasses.
Application to nuclear materials: fuels (uranium oxides), structural materials (steels), cladding materials (Zr alloys), transmutation and immobilization matrices, nuclear glasses, ceramics for Generation 4.

2 – Defect and non-stoichiometry

Origin of defects: perfect and imperfect crystals; point defects; defects aggregates; extended defects: dislocation, grain, boundaries, twin boundaries, stacking faults, volume defects (precipitates, bubbles).
Thermodynamics of point defects: concentration of intrinsic defects; defect equilibriums; application to stoichiometric oxides.
Non-stoichiometric compounds: definition and features; typical extent of non-stoichiometry in hydrides, oxides, sulphides; solid solutions; defect equilibriums in non-stoichiometric oxides.

3 – Diffusion processes
Diffusion kinetics; diffusion mechanisms (vacancy, interstitial, exchange)
Diffusion at the atomic scale: self-diffusion; random diffusion of vacancies; diffusion of vacancies submitted to a force; velocity drift and force: Einstein formula; interdiffusion (vacancy and interstitial mechanisms). Factors that influence diffusion, examples of diffusion in metals and ceramics.

4 – Irradiation: radiation-induced defects and radiation stability

Irradiation sources in nuclear materials: charged and uncharged particles. Basic mechanisms of defect creation under irradiation: atomic collisions and electronic generation processes. Specificity of ions, electrons and neutrons. Atomic collisions: displacement threshold, Frenkel pairs, collision cascades, Kinchin and Pease model, number of dpa (displacements per atom). Electronic processes: electronic defects, ion track formation. Defects generation and recovery: effect of temperature. Synergy between atomic and electronic processes. Use of computer codes: SRIM and Irradina.

Labwork: Experimental simulation of the radiation tolerance of a ceramic-type material at the MOSAIC facility, IJCLab, Orsay Campus. Design of the irradiation experiment, characterization of irradiated crystals (IBA techniques); data reduction and analysis; use of computer code to model the radiation-induced damage in crystals.

Know how to define a nuclear material (material for nuclear applications).Know the main stages of the nuclear fuel cycle.Know the classes of materials, their main properties, and be able to describe the main typical structures at the atomic scale (metals, alloys, iono-covalent solids).Know the main materials used in the French nuclear power cycle and the physical and chemical stresses to which they are subjected. Define the selection criteria and analyse them in terms of solid behaviour, in relation to the classes of materials and their stresses.Analyse, based on the role of the material and the physical and chemical stresses, and propose a choice of material for use in new-generation reactors or innovative scenarios for fuel transmutation or reprocessing (transmutation matrices, specific matrices for waste storage and disposal).Understand the main point and extended defects in materials. Be able to describe diffusion mechanisms at the atomic scale. Analyse potential changes when solids are subjected to irradiation.Identify the sources of radiation to which nuclear materials are subjected; understand their main characteristics and origins.Analyse the mechanisms by which charged and neutral projectiles deposit their energy in solids. Be able to describe models of damage to solids by atomic and electronic displacement processes.Design an experimental simulation representative of a material subjected to a radiative environment using accelerated ion beams.Design a simulation of a material subjected to a radiative environment using the SRIM numerical simulation code. Define the choices of the different input parameters for the code.Know how to use the SRIM simulation code in a practical way. Know the physical principles underlying the simulations and their limitations. Know how to interpret the results in terms of mechanisms at the atomic scale and the potential damage to an irradiated material.Be able to write a summary report in English on the analysis of a complex situation involving a solid subjected to different sources of irradiation and its modelling within the framework of an experimental or numerical approach.

Nine sessions are dedicated to lectures and problems. Practical labwork is performed at IJCLab, Orsay Campus, at the MOSAIC ion-accelerator facility. A total of three sessions (9H) are devoted to the data collection at the accelerator facility (3H) and data reduction and analysis (6H) using dedicated simulation codes.

Bradley D. Fahlman, Materials Chemistry, Springer (2011)

Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, Rudy Koenings (Editor), Elsevier (2012)

Nuclear Materials under Irradiation, Serge Bouffard and Nathalie Moncoffre (Editors), ISTE, Wiley (2023)

Aqueous solution chemistry reviewed in 1st semester: 
Thermodynamic equilibria: Gibbs, energy, chemical reactions, equilibrium constant, ICE charts, 
Reactivity: Acid/base, redox, dissolution/precipitation (solubility), complexation, 
Quantification of the effects of secondary reactions on the primary reaction, 
Speciation of ions, including actinides and f-elements.

Sessions n°1-4 : Solvent Extraction (SE):

To remind the operational variables used to optimize the extraction system,
To underline the drawbacks of single-stage operation & detail counter-current cascade,
To introduce the chemical phenomenon influencing extraction system,
To justify the usual classification of the extraction systems & write a global reaction for each,
To quantify the distribution ratio for each class, highlighting the factors effects & optimization 

Sessions n° 5-8: Ion Exchange (IE):

To extend Gibbs thermodynamic to surface-solution systems & describe equilibria
To introduce the theoretical background &  characteristics of ion exchange resins (IER) 
To introduce IER implementation, from laboratory to industrial scale 
To illustrate IER application in various fields (analysis, purification, synthesis, waste management, etc.) with a focus on fuel cycle and on nuclear radiochemistry.

The 2nd semester module S2-X-SOL follows the 1st semester. It describes in greater depth the multiphase systems encountered in industrial processes, particularly chemical separation. 
- Four sessions are dedicated to liquid-liquid equilibria, with a focus on solvent extraction (SE). 
- Four sessions are dedicated to solid-liquid equilibria, with a focus on Ion exchange (IE).    
Sessions are composed of a lecture & completed by application exercises.

There are two teachers, one for each part of the module
              - 4 sessions dedicated to SE course, lasting 12 h
              - 4 sessions dedicated to IE course, lasting 12 h

The module has to start with the first 12 hours of the SE part. Lectures and tutorials (~50/50) are mixed during the sessions.

• - " Solvent Extraction: Principles and Practice", 2nd Edition, revised and expanded, J. Rydberg, M. Cox,
  Musikas, G.R. Choppin. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, Basel, 2004
• - Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, D.H. Logsdail and A.L. Mills, Ellis Horwood Limited
• Ion Exchange and Sorption Processes in Hydrometallurgy, M. Streat and D. Naden, John Wiley and Sons
• Ion exchange, Friedrich Helfferich, Dover Publications Inc.

This course unit consists of 9 hours of lectures and 30 hours of practical work. It is therefore a very experimental course. To take this course unit, it is preferable that students have previously had practical training (preparation of samples at given concentrations, use of laboratory equipment, precision balances, micropipettes, etc.). They must have a basic understanding of solution chemistry and know how to calculate pH values, concentrations, dilution factors, etc.

Cet UE comprend 3 cours de 3h et 5 séances de TP de 6h. Les cours sont les suivants : Radiation safety (C1), The analytical chemistry: application to the radioelements (C2) et Nuclear Energy: The nuclear fuel cycle from the chemical point of view (C3). Les TPs sont les suivants : Introduction to radioactivity and radiation protection (TP1), PERALS spectrometry for U and Th analysis (TP2), Uranium target preparation (TP3), UV-visible spectroscopy for U and Th analysis (TP4), Thorium fluoride synthesis (TP5).

To introduce the different analytical methods which take place in the nuclear industry and researchTo classify these methods considering their applications, detection limit, accuracy, repeatabilityFor each method : to describe the physic and chemistry involved in the measurementsTo introduce the industrial processes and environmental applications of these methods.

Practical sessions take place in the IJCLab research laboratories in a supervised area. Practical sessions are carried out in pairs or groups of three, depending on the number of students. Students must write a report (in pairs or groups of three) for each practical session and submit it to the teachers one week after the session. Each practical session is graded (¾ report and ¼ participation, behavior). The grade for each practical session is therefore individual. Students are also assessed in a one-hour exam covering the lectures and practical sessions. The overall grade is calculated as follows: ¾ average of the practical sessions and ¼ exam grade.

The prerequisites for this course are Atomistics (electronic configuration, orbital representation); Valence Electron Pair Reputation (VSEPR) theory; Group theory; Quantum mechanics (Molecular orbital model).

Group theory contribution to crystal field/ligand field model (spectroscopic terms/states, crystal field levels). Perturbation methodology. Electronic transitions/selection rules. Spectroscopy of d and f elements. Orgel and Tanabe/Sugano diagrams. Nephelauxetic and Jahn Teller effects. Single configuration-coordinate diagram. Electron/vibration coupling. Spectroscopy and speciation of 5f elements (introduction).

This course aims to provide the various tools needed to describe transition metal complexes. These transition metal complexes will be described from the perspective of their electronic structure. Particular emphasis will be placed on the effects of ligands and the orbital chemistry of transition metal complexes. The goal will be to understand the spectra of these complexes and to assign the observed electronic transitions.

The EU is divided into lectures and tutorials. Written exam (70%) + consideration of participation in tutorials (30%)

Sutton, D. (1969). Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 116(8), 310C. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2412267; 
 Orgel, Leslie E. An Introduction to Transition-Metal Chemistry : Ligand-Field Theory. Methuen Wiley, 1960.; J. Michel Hollas, Spectroscopie, Collection Sciences sup, 2003.

Modul content :

 1) Lectures : 

- The essential role of chemistry in controlling waste 

-Chemical processes for cold sources

- The chemistry of water in its various stages of use

-Chemistry, for fourth-generation reactors

-The chemistry of nuclear material recycling

-Corrosion (THE ROLE OF CHEMISTRY IN INCREASING THE LIFESPAN OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS)

-Radiolysis

-Nuclear toxicology

-The basic principles of nuclear reactions for the production of radioelements or energy.

1. Group work on one of the topics

This module aims to introduce the chemical engineering aspects related to the Nuclear industry. Through reading, lectures, problem solving and class debates.

Lectures and project